UNA PROPUESTA EN EDUCACIÓN SUPERIOR
Comparto las conclusiones de un estudio realizado por docentes de diferentes universidades sobre el duelo y su didáctica.
Teniendo en cuenta la primera respuesta del alumnado, significar que casa con el estudio de Herrán y Cortina (2007a) que dan a conocer que la muerte, pese a ser un suceso natural, sigue siendo un tema tabú, constantemente vetado en el ámbito educativo y apartado de nuestra cotidianeidad.

Partimos de la premisa de Otero y Soares (2012) quienes abogan la necesidad de reconceptualizar la visión pedagógica de la muerte y la necesidad de educar en los procesos de vida y muerte desde la responsabilidad, dado que los escolares se acabarán enfrentando a la muerte de sus seres queridos.
Como futuros docentes nuestra labor traspasará las propias fronteras de la materia que impartamos, ofreciendo herramientas a los alumnos para que sepan afrontar situaciones que indefectiblemente les van a ocurrir en sus vidas (Colomo-Magaña y Cívico-Ariza, 2018).
Las respuestas que dan a conocer los alumnos conceden una enorme importancia al hecho de ser formados en esta temática. Podemos imaginar, por tanto, la importancia que tendría poder fomentar sus competencias a través de una formación en didáctica de la muerte. Lo que coincide con el estudio de Colomo-Magaña y Cívico-Ariza (2018).

La muerte tiene un potencial formativo inherente para el desarrollo de competencias emocionales que permitan gestionar estas situaciones y para el consiguiente desarrollo personal (Márquez-Cervantes y Gaeta González, 2017). Las respuestas dadas coinciden con varias investigaciones donde se da a conocer que se prohíbe hablar de la muerte, la cual los humanos sabemos certeramente que existe, y, además, se toma conciencia de la misma desde la infancia, ya que así lo expresan los infantes mediante el juego (Arnaiz, 2003; Esquerda y Agustí, 2010).
Todo lo visto corrobora lo ya estudiado por Centeno (2020), quien indica que la cultura y las creencias espirituales son determinantes relevantes del significado particular de la pérdida para cada persona. Con sus respuestas, de manera directa o indirecta, están reclamando una pedagogía formativa de la muerte.
Por «Didáctica de la Muerte» la aplicación de la «Educación para la muerte» al conocimiento y la comunicación desarrollados en contextos educativos, contemplados desde la perspectiva de la planificación y el currículum, la metodología didáctica, los recursos didácticos, la evaluación, la investigación de la enseñanza-aprendizaje, la creatividad, la conciencia, la (trans)formación del profesorado, etc.

La Didáctica de la Muerte se orientaría a fundamentar el enseñar, el aprender, el desaprender y el reaprender en función de la (auto)formación de alumnos y profesores (Herrán y Cortina, 2007b).
La despedida juega un papel esencial en la pérdida de un ser querido. Es un acto simbólico de gestos y palabras que ritualiza el traspaso universal (Torralba, 2008, citado en Guillamet et al., 2018). Permite sellar una relación, una etapa y a su vez tomar plena consciencia de una separación. Es un acto doloroso y a su vez complaciente que se relaciona estrechamente con el universo simbólico de valores y creencias,con significados socioculturales y con trayectorias personales (Watson, 1998, citado en Guillaumet et al., 2018).
Consideramos, al igual que Ramos y Camats i Guàrdia (2018), que, si se diseñara y llevara a cabo un programa pedagógico preventivo, el impacto educativo y social sería muy positivo tanto para los niños como para los profesionales (maestros, pedagogos, psicopedagogos, psicólogos de la educación, etc.), quienes acabarían percibiendo la muerte como parte de la vida.

De este modo, se iría rompiendo progresivamente con el tabú imperante del siglo XXI. Además, consideramos que el lugar idóneo para realizar esta tipología de pedagogía debería ser la escuela ya que, debemos recordar, que los niños no suelen disponer de un entorno social fuera del centro educativo en el cual puedan encontrar apoyo y orientación en tanto a los procesos de muerte y duelo, así como ayuda para la conceptualización de los mismos conceptos.
CONCLUSIONES
No le tengo miedo a la muerte, a lo que sí le tengo miedo es al trance, el ir hacía allá. Confieso que tengo curiosidad por saber de qué se trata.
Atahualpa Yupanqui
Reconocer las conductas observadas frente al impacto de la noticia de una pérdida, valorar la relevancia de una despedida, considerar las expresiones de en las distintas fases del proceso, comprender los relatos a partir de la evocación de unos hechos, respetar las creencias y valores frente a una pérdida e identificar expresiones que denotan transformación y crecimiento personal, sostiene el acompañamiento sensible de las personas en procesos entorno a la muerte.
La implementación del relato pedagógico es útil en la formación enfermera ya que posibilita la comprensión de significados y del impacto ante situaciones complejas y transiciones personales. La reflexión sobre las experiencias y el contraste con los expertos permite guiar el proceso del cuidado comprensivo (Guillaumet et al., 2018).

En la perspectiva de concebir la muerte desde una perspectiva más amplia nos va a permitir actuar desde un enfoque socioeducativo en diferentes ámbitos. Esto, a su vez, propiciará que se reduzcan los problemas psicosociales que atentan contra la calidad de vida de las personas en diferentes culturas (Trujillo, 2020).
De esta forma, siguiendo a Herrán (2011):«Hemos de entender la educación para la muerte como un conjunto de acciones formativas adecuadas, encaminadas a favorecer en los profesores un mayor conocimiento, de manera que repercuta en un cambio conceptual o en una modificación importante de los esquemas afectivos y cognoscitivos asociados a la educatividad sobre la muerte (p. 52)”.
La pedagogía preventiva sobre la muerte se torna necesaria en muchos sentidos, los cuales hemos ido mencionando a lo largo del artículo: la progresiva de conciencia de la muerte en las sociedades occidentales, la secularización de la población, la tipología de muertes que muestran los medios de comunicación (transmisión de violencia, agresividad,etc.), y, sobre todo, el principal motivo y que recoge todos los demás factores es el tabú imperante que sufre la muerte en la actualidad.
Asimismo, no debemos olvidar que los infantes sienten curiosidad sobre la muerte y preguntan al respecto. En este sentido, son los adultos quienes cortan las ganas de saber qué es la muerte y que supone toda ella en sí.

Por todo ello es necesario concienciar a los profesionales de la educación de la importancia de llevar a cabo una pedagogía preventiva sobre la muerte. De este modo, se puede conseguir desde la escuela, normalizar el concepto de muerte y duelo (Ramos y Camats i Guàrdia, 2018).
Hay que tener en cuenta que los actos educativos que desarrollaremos deberán estar alejados de visiones autoritarias, coercitivas o impuestas, centrándose estos en los sentimientos ante un hecho ineludible que tendremos que afrontar, tarde o temprano, por nuestra condición de seres vivos.
Los relatos deben servirnos para reflexionar sobre la experiencia vivida, permitiéndonos reconstruir nuestro mundo interno positivamente y aumentar nuestra confianza personal a través de la identificación con los protagonistas de las historias (Colomo, 2016).

TEORÍA Y PRÁCTICA DE LA DIDÁCTICA DEL DUELO.
UNA PROPUESTA EN EDUCACIÓN SUPERIOR
JOSÉ JESÚS TRUJILLO VARGAS
Universidad Internacional de La Rioja (UNIR) y CUNIMAD
JOSÉ MARÍA BARROSO TRISTÁN
Universidad Internacional de La Rioja (UNIR)
IGNACIO PERLADO LAMO DE ESPINOSA
Universidad de Alcalá






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